Computing and the Linguistic Turn

Enigma (Wikipedia)

Symbolic analysis and statistical analysis were both approaches codebreakers took in breaking Enigma.

The development of AI has also incorporated both approaches.

One historical question for AI is why the dominance of Symbolic AI from 1950 to 1990?

Note the development of AI out of the Dartmouth Workshop and especially the contributions of one of its attendees, Ray Solomonoff, to the statistical approach, an approach taken up by Marcus Hutter, a DeepMind researcher.

Note too that along with the difference between the symbolic and the statistical is the difference between language learning and computer vision.

The turn Richard Sutton takes is to push learning outside the context of language, which is to push computing beyond its linguistic turn.

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The Bitter Lesson First

Richard Sutton

Richard Sutton Site

On Learning as Other than a Mimicry of Language

A Basis for Adjustment

The Bitter Lesson

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Tommy Flowers

Tommy Flowers (Wikipedia)

Tommy Flowers (The Guardian)

Colossus (Wikipedia)


Current State of AI Processing

High-Dimensional [Word] Prediction

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Overview of Computing and the Linguistic Turn

History of Computing (Medium, Mazhar Hassan )

Historical Development of Computing Devices (CSULB)

Analytic Philosophy ~ The Linguistic Turn (Oxford, Timothy Williamson)

AI History (Weighty Thoughts)

Symbolic AI (Deep Code AI, Frank Fisher)

Symbolic AI History (Wikipedia)

 Symbolic AI and Statistical AI (ANU, Yoshihiro Maruyama)


Linguistics

Linguistics (Wikipedia)

Philosophy of Linguistics (Stanford)



 Linguistic Turn

Linguistic Turn (Wikipedia)

Linguistic Turn (Routledge)

Linguistic Turn (Institute of Historical Research)

As Related to Analytic Philosophy

Philosophy of Language (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

The Linguist Turn from Idealism (MIT)

Limitations (MIT)


Logical Positivism, Analytic Philosophy, Inferentialism, and Computing

Philosophy and Computer Science

On Logical Positivism (Wikipedia)

On Logical Positivism (Stanford)


Computing and Logical Positivism (The Philosophy Forum)

On Computational Positivism (Realizable)

From Logical Positivism to Analytic Philosophy

On Analytic Philosophy (The Ideas Letter)

On Analytic Philosophy (BU)

On Analytic Philosophy (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

The Philosophy of Computer Science (Stanford)

Techne and Programming as Analytic Philosophy (TEGG)

Computing is Applied Analytic Philosophy (Y Combinator)

From Analytic Philosophy to Video Games (Columbia Spectator)

Inferentialism (University of St Andrews)

Inferentialism (Mapping Ignorance)


On Inferentialism (arxiv)

Between Inferentialism and LLMs (arxiv)


Philosophers, Linguists, Mathematicians, and Computer Scientists

On Philosophy, Math, and Computing

Bletchley Park

Frege 

Frege: Philosophy of Language (Wikipedia)

Frege (Michael Dummett)

Russell

Russell (Wikipedia)

Wittgenstein

Wittgenstein (Wikipedia)

Hayek

Hayek (Wikipedia)

Whorf

Whorf (Wikipedia)

Von Neumann

Von Neumann

Harris

Harris (Wikipedia)

Austin

Austin (Wikipedia)

Turing

Turing (Wikipedia)

Lambek

Lambek (n-Lab)

Chomsky

Chomsky (Wikipedia)

Rorty

Rorty (Wikipedia)

Hinton

Hinton (Wikipedia)

Brandom

Brandom (Wikipedia)

Manning

Manning (Wikipedia)

...

The Rationalistic Detour for AI

Rationalism ~ Symbolism as a Linguistic Turn

John McCarthy (Wikipedia)

LISP (Wikipedia)

History of LISP (Stanford)

History of Early AI (Sil Hamilton)

Chomsky and McCarthy (VTechWorks, J.A.N. Lee)

Biolinguistic Turn (Berkeley, Chomsky)

Language Design for AI (StackExchange)


...

Linguistics and Lambek

The Mathematical Structure of Language (CMU)

...

Linguistics and Chomsky

Linguistics in the Electronics Lab at MIT (MIT)

Fundamental Issues in Linguistics (MIT)

Transformational Grammar (Wikipedia)

Universal Grammar (Wikipedia)

Universal Grammar (NIH)

Against Universal Grammar (Reddit)

Chomsky's Theory (Structural Learning)

...

Computing and Chomsky

Compiler (Wikipedia)

Parsing (Wikipedia)

Parsers (IBM)

Parser Grammars (Stack Exchange)

Chomsky versus Chomsky (MIT)

...

On Codebreaking

Linguists or Mathematicians (BBC)

Codebreakers (The Guardian)

Alan Turing (Stanford)

Marian Rejewski (Wikipedia)

Codebreaking (The British Academy)

Cracking Enigma (NIH)

...

Computing

Types of AI (Gary Marcus)

Symbolic ~ Statistical (SmythOS.com)

A Turing Program for Linguistics

NLP (Wikipedia)

NLP (IBM)

Chomsky (eHealth First)

LLM (Wikipedia)

NLP ~ LLM (Slava Vaniukov)

NLP and Data (Sigma Computing)

Compression (arxiv)

Inferentialism and LLMs (arxiv)

...

Beyond the Linguistic Turn

From the Linguistic Turn to Information Theory (mpdi.com)

Unseen Syntax (cybernative.ai)

The Linguistic Turned (Larval Subjects)

Unlanguaging (aeon.co)

Gap (Brain Lenses)

...

Extending the Linguistic Turn to Biolinguistics and Brain Modeling

The Biolinguistic Turn (Psychology Today)

Computational Brain Modeling (NIH)

Neuromorphic Computing (IBM)

Computational Modeling (Brain Map)

Computational Modeling (YouTube)

...

From Symbolic Learning to Natural Language Processing

Symbolic AI Learning

Natural Language Processing

Shift in Direction

The Unnatural in Natural Language Processing

...

Computational Linguistics

Computational Linguistics (Stanford)

Computational Philosophy (Stanford)

Computational Linguistics (University of Maryland)

...

The Need for Interpretability

Computer Processing (MIT)

Interpretability

LLM Interpretability In Depth (ILLC)


...

Between the Linguistic Turn (Symbolic Computing) and Statistical Reasoning 

Symbolic AI Versus Statistical AI (SmythOS.com)

...

On Meaning

Whence Meaning (Medium, Science Spectrum)?

...

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On Computer Vision

On Computer Vision


On Language Models and Computer Vision

Computer Vision versus Natural Language Processing

Large Language Models versus Computer Vision

...

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